金剛經(jīng)祗樹給孤獨(dú)園拼音—祗樹給孤獨(dú)園的讀音
翻譯的最大缺失是藝術(shù)性。
像唐僧,辜鴻銘那樣在藝術(shù)造詣上能和作者持平甚至超過作者的我們一般稱呼為大師,而不是翻譯。
辜鴻銘早在1884年發(fā)表的《中國學(xué)》一文中就指出:理雅各翻譯《中國經(jīng)典》的工作不過是應(yīng)時(shí)之需,雖然數(shù)量驚人,但并不都令人滿意。辜鴻銘認(rèn)為正是這些傳教士和漢學(xué)家歪曲了儒家經(jīng)典的原義,糟蹋了中國文化,并導(dǎo)致西方人對中國人和中國文明產(chǎn)生種種偏見。為了消除這些偏見,他決定自己翻譯儒家經(jīng)典。1898年辜鴻銘在上海出版了他的第一本譯著《論語》(The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius: A New Special Translation, Illustrated with Quotations from Goethe and Other Writers),1906年又推出了第二本譯著《中庸》(The Universal Order or Conduct of Life),后來他又翻譯了《大學(xué)》(Higher Education),但是沒有正式出版發(fā)行。
他在《論語》譯序中聲稱:我們只想在此表達(dá)一個(gè)愿望,希望那些有教養(yǎng)有思想的英國人在耐心讀過我們的譯作之后,能夠反思一下他們對中國人已有的成見,并能因此修正謬見,改變他們對于中英兩國人民與人民、國與國之間關(guān)系的態(tài)度。
辜鴻銘翻譯儒經(jīng)最突出的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是意譯法,即采用"動(dòng)態(tài)對等"的方法,使譯文在表達(dá)思想方面起到與原文相同的作用,而不是原文與譯文之間字櫛句比的機(jī)械性轉(zhuǎn)換。在《論語》譯序中,他就明確指出他的翻譯目的是"讓普通英語讀者能看懂這本給了中國人智力和道德風(fēng)貌的中文小冊子",因此他努力"使孔子及其弟子的談話方式,就像有教養(yǎng)的英國人在表達(dá)與這些中國俊杰同樣的思想時(shí)一樣。"在《中庸》譯序中,他進(jìn)一步闡明他的翻譯觀點(diǎn):"徹底掌握其中之意義,不僅譯出原作的文字,還要再現(xiàn)原作的風(fēng)格。"辜鴻銘在具體的翻譯工作中,確實(shí)努力實(shí)踐著這一翻譯宗旨。例如:
1.《論語·學(xué)而第1》中子貢與孔子的一段對話。子貢曰:"貧而無諂,富而無驕,何如?"子曰:"可也。未若貧而樂道,富而好禮者也。"辜鴻銘譯為:"A disciple of Confucius said to him,' To be poor and yet not to be servile; to be rich and yet not to be proud, what do you say to that?'' It is good, 'replied Confucius, 'but better still it is to be poor and yet contented; to be rich and yet know how to be courteous.'" 句中"諂"字譯得尤為精彩,servile 遠(yuǎn)比flatter 更能表情達(dá)意。而且整個(gè)譯句簡潔明了,既符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,又與原句語體風(fēng)格相互呼應(yīng)。
2.《論語·子罕第9》中記載顏回贊嘆孔子之道高且深的那段話:"仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅(jiān)。瞻之在前,忽焉在后。夫子循循善誘人,博我以文,約我以禮,欲罷不能。"辜將之譯為:"The more I have looked up to it the higher it appears. The more I tried to penetrate into it the more impenetrable it seems to be. When I have thought I have laid hold of it here, lo! it is there. But the Master knows admirably how to lead people on step by step. He has enlarged my mind with an extensive knowledge of the arts, while guiding and correcting my judgment and taste. Thus I could not stop in my progress, even if I would."
辜氏的這段譯文很好地保持了原文言簡意賅的特點(diǎn)。"仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅(jiān)。瞻之在前,忽焉在后" 譯成"The more I have looked up to it the higher it appears. The more I tried to penetrate into it the more impenetrable it seems to be" , 對仗工整,用詞洗練到位。"When I have thought I have laid hold of it here, lo! it is there" 一句則將顏回慨嘆孔子之道高深不可捉摸的語氣栩栩如聲地傳遞出來,讓人如聞其聲,如見其人。辜氏將"欲罷不能"譯成"Thus I could not stop in my progress, even if I would", 充分挖掘了原文的內(nèi)涵和神韻并將之生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)出來。
辜氏再現(xiàn)原作風(fēng)格的努力還體現(xiàn)在以詩譯詩,即把《論語》、《中庸》等中出現(xiàn)的詩歌片段同樣用詩歌的形式表現(xiàn)出來。由于辜氏精通中英文,所以譯得頗為成功。如《論語·微子篇第18》中楚狂接輿之歌:"鳳兮鳳兮!何德之衰?往者不可諫,來者尤可追。已而,已而!今之從政者殆而!"辜氏是這樣譯的:
"O Phoenix bird! O Phoenix bird,
"Where is the glory of your prime?
"The past, --t is useless now to change,
"Care for the future yet is time.
"Renounce! Give up your chase in vain;
"For those who serve in Court and State
"Dire peril follows in their train."
全詩分為三節(jié),共7行,每行8個(gè)音節(jié),雙行押韻,讀后瑯瑯上口。全詩的關(guān)鍵"Renounce! give up your chase in vain", 把接輿對于孔子沒有于亂世之際隱退的不理解和惋惜之情充分地表達(dá)出來。
辜鴻銘翻譯儒家書籍的另外一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)是引用歌德、卡萊爾、阿諾德、莎士比亞等西方著名作家和思想家的話來注釋某些經(jīng)文,這在儒經(jīng)翻譯史上還是第一次。辜氏在《論語》譯序中解釋了其用意:"為了讓讀者徹底理解書中思想的含義,我們引用了歐洲一些非常著名作家的話,作為注釋。通過喚起業(yè)已熟悉的思路,這些注釋或許可以吸引那些了解這些作家的讀者。"近代中國于西方的文化交流雖然是雙向的,但"西學(xué)東漸"的勢力始終要比"東學(xué)西漸"強(qiáng)大得多,且西方人在對東學(xué)進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)總是帶著殖民者高高在上的蔑視態(tài)度,因此,與東方文化的隔膜甚深。在這種情況下,辜氏的儒經(jīng)注釋法對于幫助西方讀者理解中國文化無疑是很有意義的。
除了引用歐洲名家作注之外,辜氏還在注釋中將書中出現(xiàn)的中國人物、中國朝代與西方歷史上具有相似特點(diǎn)的人物和時(shí)間段作橫向比較。如將顏回比作圣·約翰,子路比作圣·彼得,堯比作亞伯拉罕等。對于夏朝這樣一個(gè)時(shí)間概念,辜氏作了這樣的比擬:夏朝之于孔子時(shí)代的人就如希臘歷史之于現(xiàn)代歐洲人。這樣的比較未必恰當(dāng),但卻有助于那些對中國文化知之甚少的西方人更好地把握儒家經(jīng)典的內(nèi)容。
辜鴻銘所譯的《論語》、《中庸》等較之以前西方傳教士和漢學(xué)家的儒經(jīng)譯本有了質(zhì)的飛躍,可以說是儒經(jīng)西譯史上的一個(gè)里程碑,但由于思想和時(shí)代的局限性,他的譯作中存在著這樣或那樣的不足之處。
辜氏譯經(jīng)最大的缺點(diǎn)在于過分意譯。其表現(xiàn)之一就是在把握大意的前提下,隨意增添許多原文沒有的內(nèi)容。如對"學(xué)而時(shí)習(xí)之,不亦說乎?有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎?"(《論語·學(xué)而第1》)一句的翻譯。辜氏的譯文為:"It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired. A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial minds come from afar to seek you because of your attainments." 其中"as you go on acquiring", "greater", "of congenial minds"和"because of your attainments"都超出了原文的內(nèi)容。表現(xiàn)之二 是將譯文中出現(xiàn)的大量中國人名、地名刪掉。
如在《論語》中,他只保留了顏回和仲由的名字,而孔子的其他弟子則直接翻譯為"孔子的一個(gè)弟子"或"另一個(gè)弟子"。雖然他這樣做的動(dòng)機(jī)是好的:"為了進(jìn)一步除去英語讀者會(huì)產(chǎn)生的古怪感和奇異感,只要有可能,我們就刪除其中的專有名詞。"(見《論語》譯序)但對于幫助西方讀者更好地了解中國文化這一點(diǎn),并沒有好處,因?yàn)槿褰?jīng)中出現(xiàn)的中國人名、地名往往包含著豐富的文化內(nèi)容,刪掉之后就會(huì)改變原文的文化色彩和民族色彩。翟林奈(Lionel Giles)在他自己的《論語》譯本(The Sayings of Confucius)中就指出辜氏的這種做法只會(huì)使刻畫人物形象的力度大打折扣,而人物塑造正是《論語》的引人之處。
對于辜氏英譯儒經(jīng),曾存在過兩種截然相反的評價(jià):一種是贊美推崇,一種是否定批評。持前一種觀點(diǎn)的以林語堂為代表。林語堂在《從異教徒到徒》一書中這樣評價(jià)道:"他(辜鴻銘)了不起的功績是翻譯了儒家《四書》的三部,不只是忠實(shí)的翻譯,而且是一種創(chuàng)造性的翻譯,古代經(jīng)典的光透過一種深的了然的哲學(xué)的注入。他事實(shí)上扮演東方觀念語西方觀念的電鍍匠。他的《孔子的言論》,飾以歌德、席勒、羅斯金、及朱貝爾的有啟發(fā)性的妙語。有關(guān)儒家書籍的翻譯,得力于他對原作的深切了解。"持否定態(tài)度的則以王國維為代表。王國維曾認(rèn)真研讀過辜氏翻譯的《中庸》,并著書《辜湯生英譯〈中庸〉后》一文指陳其中大小弊病若干條,認(rèn)為辜氏的翻譯嘗試乃一大失敗。
金剛經(jīng)
The Diamond Sutra
Om namo Bhagavatyai Arya-Prajnaparamitayai!
Homage to the Perfection of Wisdom, the Lovely, the Holy!
法會(huì)因由分第一
梵文
Evam maya srutam ekasmin samaye. Bhagavan Sravastyam viharati sma
Jetavane'nathapindadasya-arame mahata bhiksu-samghena sarddham ardhatrayodasabhir bhiksu-sataih sambahulais ca bodhisattvair mahasattvaih. Atha khalu Bhagavan purvahnakala-samaye nivasya patracivaram adaya Sravastim maha-nagarim pindaya praviksat. Atha khalu Bhagavan Sravastim maha-nagarim pindaya caritva krta-bhakta-krtyah pascadbhaktapindapata-pratikrantah patra-civaram pratisamya padau praksalya nyasidat prajnapta evaasane paryankam abhujya rjum kayam pranidhaya, pratimukhim smrtim upasthapya. Atha khalu sambahula bhiksavo yena Bhagavams tenopasamkraman upasamkramya Bhagavatah padau sirobhir abhivandya Bhagavantam trispradaksinikrtyaikante nyasidan.
古文
如是我聞。一時(shí)佛在舍衛(wèi)國只樹給孤獨(dú)園。與大比丘眾、千二百五十人俱。爾時(shí),釋尊食時(shí),著衣持缽,入舍衛(wèi)大城乞食。於其城中次第乞已,還至本處。飯食訖,收衣缽,洗足已,敷座而坐。
英文
Thus have I heard at one time. The Lord dwelt at Sravasti, in the Jeta Grove, in the garden of Anathapindika, together with a large gathering of monks, consisting of 1,250 monks, and with many Bodhisattvas, great beings. Early in the morning the Lord dressed, put on his cloak, took his bowl, and entered the great city of Sravasti to collect alms. When he had eaten and returned from his round, the Lord put away his bowl and cloak, washed his feet, and sat down on the seat arranged for him, crossing his legs, holding his body upright, and mindfully fixing his attention in front of him. Then many monks approached to where the Lord was, saluted his feet with their heads, thrice walked round him to the right, and sat down on one side.
白話
第一章 佛說金剛經(jīng)的起因
那是在很早的時(shí)候,佛在古印度舍衛(wèi)國的祗樹給孤獨(dú)園,創(chuàng)辦了一所學(xué)校,一共有一千二百五十個(gè)學(xué)生。每天到了吃午飯的時(shí)候,佛就要穿好袈裟,拿著缽盂去化緣,然后把化緣得到的食品拿回來食用,吃完之后還要打水洗腳(因?yàn)橛《热耸枪庵_走路的),然后整理好自己的座位,開始打坐練功。
善現(xiàn)啟請分第二
梵文
Evam ukte Bhagavan ayusmantam Subhutim etad avocat: Sadhu sadhu Subhute, evam etad yatha vadasi. Anuparigrhitas Tathagatena bodhisattva mahasattvah paramena-anugrahena, parinditas Tathagatena bodhisattva mahasattvah paramaya parindanaya. Tena hi Subhute srnu sadhu ca susthu ca manasikuru, bhasisye 'ham te yatha bodhisattva-yana-samprasthitena sthatavyam yatha pratipattavyam yatha cittam pragrahitavyam. Evam Bhagavann ity ayusman Subhutir Bhagavatah pratyasrausit.
古文
時(shí)長老須菩提,在大眾中,即從座起偏袒右肩,右膝著地,合掌恭敬而白佛言:希有世尊,如來善護(hù)念諸菩薩,善付囑諸菩薩。世尊,善男子善女人,發(fā)阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心,應(yīng)云何住,云何降伏其心?
佛言:善哉善哉。須菩提,如汝所說,如來善護(hù)念諸菩薩,善付囑諸菩薩。汝今諦聽,當(dāng)為汝說。善男子善女人,發(fā)阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心,應(yīng)如是住,如是降伏其心。唯然,世尊,愿樂欲聞。
英文
At that time the Venerable Subhuti came to that assembly, and sat down. Then he rose from his seat, put his upper robe over one shoulder, placed his right knee on the ground, bent forth his folded hands towards the Lord, and said to the Lord: 'It is wonderful O Lord, it is exceedingly wonderful, O Well-Gone, how much the Bodhisattvas, the great beings, have been helped with the greatest help by the Tathagata, the Arhat, the Fully Enlightened One. It is wonderful, O Lord, how much the Bodhisattvas, the great beings, have been favoured with the highest favour by the Tathagata, the Arhat, the Fully Enlightened One. How then, O Lord, should a son or daughter of good family, who have set out in the Bodhisattva-vehicle, stand, how progress, how control their thoughts?'
After these words the Lord said to the Venerable Subhuti: 'Well said, well said,Subhuti! So it is, Subhuti, so it is, as you say! The Tathagata, Subhuti, has helped the Bodhisattvas, the great beings with the greatest help, and he has favoured them with the highest favour. Therefore, 'Subhuti, listen well, and attentively! I will teach you how those who have set out in the Bodhisattva vehicle should stand, how progress, how control their thoughts.' 'So be it, O Lord', replied the Venerable Subhuti and listened.
白話
第二章 須菩提站起來提問
這時(shí)候有一位名叫須菩提長者從座位上站了起來,只見他鶴發(fā)童顏,長須飄飄。他向佛行了一個(gè)禮,雙掌合十恭敬地說:“先生,您經(jīng)常教導(dǎo)我們要看護(hù)好看自己的念頭,隨時(shí)反思自己的言行,莫以惡小而為之,莫以善小而不為。那么,對于那些普普通通一心向道的人而言,應(yīng)該如何想、如何做、如何平息自己內(nèi)心的煩惱呢?”
佛說:“這個(gè)問題提得好!下面我就來解答你的問題?!?/p>
大乘正宗分第三
梵文
Bhagavan etad avocat: Iha Subhute bodhisattva-yana-samprasthitena evam cittam
utpadayitavyam: Yavantah Subhute sattvah sattvadhatau sattva-samgrahena samgrhita anda-ja va jarayu-ja va samsveda-ja vaupapaduka va, rupino va-arupino va, samjnino va-asamjnino va naiva samjnino na-asamjnino va, yavan kascit sattvadhatu-prajnapyamanah prajnapyate, te ca maya sarve nupadhisese nirvana-dhatau parinirvapayitavyah. Evam aparimanam api sattvan parinirvapya na kascit sattvah parinirvapito bhavati. Tat kasya hetoh? Sacet Subhute bodhisattvasya sattva-samjna pravarteta, na sa bodhisattva iti vaktavyah. Tat kasya hetoh? Na sa Subhute bodhisattvo vaktavyo yasya-atma-samjna pravarteta, sattva-samjna va jiva-samjna va pudgala-samjna va pravarteta.
古文
佛告須菩提:諸菩薩摩訶薩,應(yīng)如是降伏其心。
所有一切眾生之類,若卵生、若胎生、若濕生、若化生、若有色、若無色、若有想、若無想、若非有想、非無想,我皆令入無余涅盤而滅度之。
如是滅度無量無數(shù)無邊眾生,實(shí)無眾生得滅度者。何以故,須菩提,若菩薩有我相人相眾生相壽者相,即非菩薩。
英文
The Lord said: Here, Subhuti, someone who has set out in the vehicle of a Bodhisattva should produce a thought in this manner:
'As many beings as there are in the universe of beings, comprehended under the term "beings" egg-born, born from a womb, moisture-born, or miraculously born; with or without form; with perception, without perception, and with neither perception nor non-perception, as far as any conceivable form of beings is conceived: all these I must lead to Nirvana, into that Realm of Nirvana which leaves nothing behind.
And yet, although innumerable beings have thus been led to Nirvana, no being at all has been led to Nirvana.' And why? If in a Bodhisattva the notion of a 'being' should take place, he could not be called a 'Bodhi-being'. 'And why? He is not to be called a Bodhi-being, in whom the notion of a self or of a being should take place, or the notion of a living soul or of a person.'
白話
第三章 大乘佛教的思想
佛接著說:“各位同學(xué),怎樣才能使自己心平如水,沒有煩惱呢?凡是有生命的東西,比如卵生的、胎生的、濕氣所生的、化生的,還有那些有思維的、沒有思維的、甚至無所謂有沒有思維但是有感覺的生物。我都要讓他們進(jìn)入心物同一的境界,解脫生死。
我教化了無數(shù)眾生,可是我并不覺得自己就多么偉大。為什么這么說呢?一個(gè)自稱為得道的人,如果心目中總是有自我、有他人、有眾生、有高低長幼的概念,那說明他沒有在頭腦中消除這些概念的對立,也就是沒有真正地得道?!?/p>
唐僧五不翻”原則最早記載于南宋法云《翻譯名義序》第一卷〈十種通號(hào)〉第一“婆伽婆”條,原文如下:唐奘法師明五種不翻:一、秘密故不翻,陀羅尼是。二、多含故不翻,如“薄伽梵”含六義故。三、此無故不翻,如閻浮樹。四、順古故不翻,如“阿耨菩提”,實(shí)可翻之。但摩騰已來存梵音故。五、生善故不翻,如“般若”尊重,智慧輕淺。令人生敬,是故不翻。
此處“不翻”并不是指不翻譯,而是說“不意譯”,而是音譯。一、具有神秘色彩的詞不翻,佛經(jīng)里有許多咒語,比如“陀羅尼”翻了則會(huì)失去其特殊的意義,所以不翻;二、含義多不翻,即一詞多義的梵文不翻,如“薄伽梵”一詞有六種意義,故保留原文,只作音譯;三、此土所無不翻,即在譯語文化中沒有的事物概念不翻,如佛教中的“閻浮樹”是印度特有的一種樹,應(yīng)音譯;四、順古不翻,即約定俗成的詞語應(yīng)該遵循習(xí)慣采取音譯。如已有古人把某些佛教專用語譯出,如“阿耨菩提”,雖可再譯,但造成混亂,因此最好要照用古人翻譯,不再作新的翻譯;五、生善故不翻是指有些詞匯用音譯能令人生尊重之念,否則容易等閑視之。比如,梵文里“般若”的意思和智慧差不多,但如果我們把“般若”翻譯成“智慧”就顯得輕淺。 簡單來說,玄奘提出的“五不翻”原則實(shí)際上就是“音譯”的原則。由于文化差異的原因,翻譯時(shí),人們經(jīng)常會(huì)在目的語中無法找到現(xiàn)成的對應(yīng)詞,這時(shí)往往采用音譯的方法。英譯漢中音譯的現(xiàn)象非常普遍,其表現(xiàn)形式主要有威妥瑪拼音和漢語拼音,如KungFu(功夫)、Kowtow(磕頭)等就是威妥瑪拼音的形式。
不知道李繼宏 你怎么看?